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a School of
Nursing, Education Centre, County Hospital, Lincoln, b Division of Public Health Medicine and
Epidemiology, School of Community Health Sciences, University Hospital,
Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, c Department of Epidemiology and Public Health,
University of Leicester, Leicester, d Clinical
Immunology Unit, Department of Immunology, University Hospital,
Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham
Correspondence to: Dr K R Muir, Division of Public Health Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Community Health Sciences, University Hospital, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH.
Accepted for publication 11 June 1998
OBJECTIVE
To
investigate the effect of smoking on the development of systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE), and the association between alcohol consumption
and the disease.
METHODS450
subjects (150 SLE patients and 300 controls) from Nottingham, UK were
interviewed in a case-control study. Controls were matched to cases for
age and sex. All patients met at least four of the American
Rheumatology Association criteria for SLE. Controls were randomly
selected from the Nottingham Family Health Services Authority register.
Information was collected by interview administered questionnaire
concerning demographic variables, smoking histories, and drinking habits.
RESULTSAnalysis of
the data by conditional logistic regression revealed current smokers to
have a significantly increased risk of development of SLE compared with
never smokers (odds ratio (OR) 1.95, 95% confidence intervals (CI)
1.14, 3.31), although ex-smokers were not at increased risk. There was
also suggestion of a marked, highly significant negative association
between SLE and alcohol consumption, the magnitude of which increased
with units consumed.
CONCLUSIONSThis study
suggests that current smokers are at increased risk of developing SLE
compared with non-smokers and ex-smokers. In contrast, alcohol
consumption seems to be negatively associated with the disease.
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